coming from coastal vegetation ecosystems (typically mangroves) and entering into the ocean directly or through rivers

coming from chemical effluent, fertilizer, agriculture runoffs, and road dust

coming from industrial activities (typically oil refineries)

coming from herbicide on residential lawns, contaminated soil from land reclamation, electronic waste

coming from high temperature combustion processes (the burning of coal for electrical energy and leaded gasoline), transmitted through air as small aerosol particles

coming from ship’s sacrificial anodes (that prevent the ship bodies from rusting), aquaculture (fish feed), contaminated soil from land reclamation